BLUE COLLAR (Universal Pictures, 1978)

D: Paul Schrader. P: Robin French, Don Guest, David Nichols. W: Paul Schrader, Leonard Schrader, Sydney A. Glass. Ph: Bobby Byrne. M: Jack Nitzche. St: Richard Pryor (Zeke), Harvey Keitel (Jerry), Yaphet Koto (Smokey), Ed Begley Jr. (Bobby Joe), Harry Bellaver (Eddie Johnson)


Fuck Uncle Sam, man.”

At a pivotal juncture in Schrader’s tightly plotted crime drama, the IRS has rumbled that Zeke has been claiming for six kids rather than the three he has. Even commandeering his neighbour’s children doesn’t work, leaving him with the possibility of a staggering tax bill and certain poverty. Zeke responds to his situation with a chaotic combination of black humour and fury. Like Jerry and Smokey, his colleagues on a car factory assembly line, Zeke pins his hopes for better working conditions on the union. But through chance they learn that their representatives are complicit in maintaining their position on Detroit’s breadline; this discovery, ironically, offers a chance to get rich. Fear, greed and the machinations of greater powers conspire to tear the friends apart.



Schrader is fastidious in establishing motivation as the men are driven to rob the union safe. The working day is underpinned by the repetition of a booming Mannish Boy riff; it’s rough, sweaty work, punctuated only by a lunchtime of beer and profanities. In the bar Jerry puts Burrows, a snooping FBI man, in his place: “I got my fucking raise. I’m proud of my union.” Later, however, we see that Jerry’s teenage daughter has bloodied her mouth after fashioning a crude wire brace to fix her teeth, because Jerry can’t afford to pay for dental care.


Blue Collar thrusts cinematic discourse about shady labour organisations into the spotlight of the cynical seventies. Although the work doesn’t have the sourness of McCarthyism as in On the Waterfront, union bosses are still depicted as little more than mobsters; the safe contains a ledger listing illegal, high-interest loans. After determining that their subscriptions are being hoarded for nefarious purposes, the three friends decide to blackmail.


Schrader describes the conspirers as products of their brutalising environment; at the same time, these are not sentimental portraits. While Zeke and Jerry espouse loyalty to their families, they’re not averse to letting off steam at Smokey’s, where drugs and exotic women are liberally available; a Dionysian scene in which they take cocaine while cavorting with the beauties is as frank as anything Schrader has authored. Plots, confrontations and betrayals are filmed against an uninspiring factory skyline. It’s an environment that creates tensions between workers and bosses, friends and races.





With Pryor in the mix, comedic breathing space is allowed from time to time. The ice-cool slickness of previous movie heists, as perfected by directors such as Dassin and Melville, is inverted when Zeke sends a bin loudly clattering across the floor. In the film’s drollest moment, the friends jump the security guard wearing disguises bought from a joke shop.


The ambience on the film set was abrasive. Schrader nearly had a nervous breakdown, Pryor resumed coke use with gusto and the three leads squabbled.[i] However, this competitiveness brought out the best in the actors. Keitel gives an acutely focused performance while Pryor embodies Zeke’s unfocused anger. Katto’s Smokey is the alpha of the group. Embellished with doting women, he’s also the most perceptive and espouses a quasi-Marxist philosophy of how the establishment pits them against each other to “stay on the line”.

The decline of their ill-fated enterprise allows Schrader to complement the quality of the politically complex script with bravura scenes that could have graced any classic noir. In one sequence, one of the trio is trapped in a sealed plant room as it fills with paint fumes. The scene cuts between him crying for help to his co-workers operating noisy machinery while wearing ear guards; his voice, symbolising those of his fellow oppressed workers, remains unheard as he dies.


Racial tensions becloud the group’s disintegration. Zeke believes that he wouldn’t have a chance of avoiding jail because of his colour and buckles under the pressure, while Jerry finds himself increasingly isolated. The film ends with two friends at each other’s throats, racial abuse dirtying the air; Smokey’s philosophical observations repeated over a frozen image strengthen Schrader’s forceful message. Clark Hodgkiss




[i] Peter Biskind, Easy Riders, Raging Bulls, Bloomsbury, 1998



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